How different is HMPV virus from Corona? Know why there is no need to worry about this

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is known globally as a virus that causes respiratory disease. Recently, after the news of the outbreak of this virus in China, people’s attention was drawn towards it. Two cases of HMPV were recently reported in Karnataka under routine surveillance by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).

What is HMPV?

1. HMPV is a viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in people of all ages. It was first detected in 2001. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and is closely related to ‘Respiratory Syncytial Virus’ (RSV).
2. HMPV is spread through respiratory droplets produced by coughing or sneezing, as well as by touching contaminated surfaces or through direct contact with infected individuals.
3. The virus is known to cause illnesses ranging from minor respiratory problems to more serious complications, especially in infants, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.
4. It is found throughout the world and peaks during late winter and early spring in temperate regions, although in some areas it occurs year-round.

Symptoms of HMPV

1. Symptoms of hMPV vary depending on the person’s age, general health, and immune response. Mild cases usually include a runny nose, sore throat, cough and fever, similar to the common cold. Moderate symptoms may include a persistent cough and fatigue.
2. In severe cases (especially in infants, the elderly and people with chronic diseases) HMPV can cause complications such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
3. Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) may require hospitalization. These serious conditions are especially worrisome for high-risk groups.

Transmission and prevention

1. HMPV spreads similarly to other respiratory viruses such as RSV and influenza.
2. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets from infected individuals or contact with contaminated surfaces.
3. To prevent the spread of HMPV, it is necessary to adopt other hygiene measures, including frequent hand washing with soap and water.
4. Covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing and wearing a mask can also limit its spread.
5. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals and regularly disinfecting frequently touched surfaces are additional preventive measures.

What is the period of recovery from infection?

Mild cases of HMPV infection usually last for a few days to a week. In severe cases, it will probably take longer to feel better. Long-term symptoms like cough may take longer to go away.

Diagnosis of HMPV

Diagnosing HMPV based on symptoms alone can be challenging, as it mimics other respiratory infections such as RSV and influenza. ‘Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction’ (RT-PCR) is the best method for detecting HMPV RNA, while antigen-detecting assays provide rapid results.

In India, as part of their efforts to monitor and control respiratory diseases, surveillance programs such as ICMR and the Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) regularly test for other viruses that cause respiratory disease, including HMPV.

Treatment of HMPV

There is currently no specific antiviral drug or vaccine available for hMPV. Treatment is supportive and depends on the severity of the infection. In mild cases, rest, adequate hydration, and ‘over-the-counter’ medicines are sufficient to relieve fever and nasal congestion.

In severe cases, especially those involving pneumonia or bronchiolitis, oxygen therapy and hospitalization may be required.

Global and national monitoring

HMPV is not a new pathogen; its cases have been reported around the world. Surveillance systems such as ICMR and IDSP in India monitor trends in respiratory disease, including influenza and RSV including HMPV pathogens.

The government has emphasized the strengthening of its health infrastructure and surveillance networks to remain alert to detect and respond to emerging threats.

Similarities and differences between hMPV and COVID-19

The SARS-CoV-2 virus and HMPV that cause COVID-19 infection both cause respiratory disease but differ significantly in their virology, transmission dynamics, and public health impact.

The similarity is that both viruses cause mild to severe respiratory illness in a person. If infected with either of the two, symptoms of cough, fever and shortness of breath are seen.

The difference is that the disease caused by the virus associated with COVID-19 is wide-ranging, including loss of taste and smell and blood clots. While vaccines and antiviral treatments are available to prevent COVID-19, measures to prevent HMPV are limited and no antiviral drugs are available.

(Except the headline, this story has not been edited by the NDTV team and is published directly from a syndicated feed.)